Custom Weights

Per-observation weights that encode data quality directly into the LOWESS fit.

How Custom Weights Work

Standard LOWESS assigns equal prior trust to all observations. Custom weights let you override this assumption point by point — before any distance or robustness weighting is applied.

The effective weight of observation $j$ in a local fit centred at $x_i$ is:

$$w_{ij} = \text{custom_weights}[j] \times K!\left(\frac{d_{ij}}{h_i}\right) \times r_j$$

where $K$ is the distance kernel, $h_i$ is the local bandwidth, and $r_j$ is the robustness weight from the current iteration.

Streaming and Online adapters.

When to Use Custom Weights

Situation	Recommended weight
Point known to be erroneous	`0.0` — fully excluded
Unreliable sensor / low precision	`0.1 – 0.5`
Standard observation	`1.0` (default)
Carefully calibrated measurement	`> 1.0`
Measurement uncertainty $\sigma_i$	$1 / \sigma_i^2$

Custom Weights vs. Robustness Iterations

Both mechanisms handle unreliable data, but they serve different purposes:

	Custom Weights	Robustness Iterations
When known	Before fitting	Computed from residuals
Knowledge required	Prior knowledge of quality	None — data-driven
Effect	Fixed throughout fit	Adapts each iteration
Use case	Known bad sensors, calibration	Unknown outlier contamination

They compose: you can use both simultaneously. Custom weights suppress a priori bad points; robustness iterations then handle any residual outliers that remain.

Basic Usage

Suppress a Known Outlier

Set the weight to 0 at the bad point — it is excluded from every local fit that would otherwise include it.

const { Lowess } = require('fastlowess-wasm');

const x = Float64Array.from({length: 10}, (_, i) => i);
const y = Float64Array.from(x, v => v * 2);
y[5] = 100.0; // spike

const weights = new Float64Array(10).fill(1.0);
weights[5] = 0.0; // exclude the spike

const model = new Lowess({fraction: 0.5, iterations: 0});
const result = model.fit(x, y, weights);
console.log("y[0]:", result.y[0].toFixed(4));

y[0]: 0.5726

Emphasize Important Points

Assign high weights to measurements you trust most — calibration standards, reference instruments, or low-noise observations.

const { Lowess } = require('fastlowess-wasm');

const n = 100;
const x = Float64Array.from({ length: n }, (_, i) => i * 2 * Math.PI / (n - 1));
const y = Float64Array.from(x, (xi, i) => Math.sin(xi) + (((i * 7 + 3) % 17) / 17 - 0.5) * 0.6);

const calibrationIndices = [5, 20, 40, 60, 80];
const weights = new Float64Array(x.length).fill(1.0);
for (const i of calibrationIndices) weights[i] = 10.0;

const model = new Lowess({fraction: 0.5});
const result = model.fit(x, y, weights);
console.log("y[0]:", result.y[0].toFixed(4));

y[0]: 0.0865

Propagate Measurement Uncertainty

If each observation has a known standard deviation $\sigma_i$, set $w_i = 1 / \sigma_i^2$ to give the fit information-theoretically optimal weighting.

const { Lowess } = require('fastlowess-wasm');

const n = 100;
const x = Float64Array.from({ length: n }, (_, i) => i * 2 * Math.PI / (n - 1));
const y = Float64Array.from(x, (xi, i) => Math.sin(xi) + (((i * 7 + 3) % 17) / 17 - 0.5) * 0.6);

const sigma = Float64Array.from({ length: n }, (_, i) => 0.1 + (i % 4) * 0.1);
const weights = Float64Array.from(sigma, s => 1.0 / (s * s));
const model = new Lowess({fraction: 0.5});
const result = model.fit(x, y, weights);
console.log("y[0]:", result.y[0].toFixed(4));

y[0]: 0.0090

Combined with Robustness Iterations

Custom weights and robustness iterations compose naturally: use custom weights for known bad points and robustness for unknown contamination.

const { Lowess } = require('fastlowess-wasm');

const n = 100;
const x = Float64Array.from({ length: n }, (_, i) => i * 2 * Math.PI / (n - 1));
const y = Float64Array.from(x, (xi, i) => Math.sin(xi) + (((i * 7 + 3) % 17) / 17 - 0.5) * 0.6);

const weights = new Float64Array(x.length).fill(1.0);
weights[3] = 0.0;

const model = new Lowess({fraction: 0.4, iterations: 3});
const result = model.fit(x, y, weights);
console.log("y[0]:", result.y[0].toFixed(4));

y[0]: 0.0809

Validation Rules

Rule	Effect
Length must equal `n`	Error at fit time if mismatched
All values must be ≥ 0	Negative weights are rejected
All-zero weight vector	Error: no points remain for any local fit
Uniform weights (`1.0` everywhere)	Identical result to omitting weights

that centre point falls back to the behaviour specified by
`zero_weight_fallback` (default: `"use_local_mean"`).